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KlattSynthesizer
The Klatt synthesizer is a formant synthesizer with cascade and parallel configurations. Usually, the cascade branch is used to synthesize vowel-like sounds, and the parallal branch is employed to synthesize consonantal sounds; but the parallel branch alone can be used to synthesize both vowel and consonant sounds. There are 52 time-varing parameters to control the synthesizer:
- Excitation source (voice, aspiration and friction) parameters:
- f0 Fundamental frequency (in hz). Determines the glottal pulse length.
- flutter Amount of flutter (slow f0 fluctuation).
- jitter Amount of jitter (random variation in the length of the glottal pulse)
- shimmer Amount of shimmer (random variation in the amplitude of the glottal pulse)
- diplophonia Amount of diplophonia (periodic bimodal variation in the glottal pulse length)
- voicing Amplitude of voicing
- ro Relative duration of open phase of glottal pulse
- ra Relative duration of return phase of glottal pulse
- rk Simmetry of the glottal pulse
- aspiration Amplitude of aspiration
- friction Amplitude of friction
- turbulence Amplitude of turbulence (in open glottal phase)
- Formants frequencies and bandwidths:
- f1 Fequency of 1st formant
- b1 Bandwidth of 1st formant
- df1 Change in F1 during open portion of period
- db1 Change in B1 during open portion of period
- f2 Frequency of 2nd formant
- b2 Bandwidth of 2nd formant
- f3 Frequency of 3rd formant
- b3 Bandwidth of 3rd formant
- f4 Frequency of 4th formant
- b4 Bandwidth of 4th formant
- f5 Frequency of 5th formant
- b5 Bandwidth of 5th formant
- f6 Frequency of 6th formant
- b6 Bandwidth of 6th formant
- fnp Frequency of nasal pole
- bnp Bandwidth of nasal pole
- fnz Frequency of nasal zero
- bnz Bandwidth of nasal zero
- ftp Frequency of tracheal pole
- btp Bandwidth of tracheal pole
- ftz Frequency of tracheal zero
- btz Bandwidth of tracheal zero
- Parallel Friction-Excited:
- a2f Amplitude of friction-excited parallel 2nd formant
- a3f Amplitude of friction-excited parallel 3rd formant
- a4f Amplitude of friction-excited parallel 4th formant
- a5f Amplitude of friction-excited parallel 5th formant
- a6f Amplitude of friction-excited parallel 6th formant
- bypass Amplitude of friction-excited parallel bypass path
- b2f Bandwidth of friction-excited parallel 2nd formant
- b3f Bandwidth of friction-excited parallel 2nd formant
- b4f Bandwidth of friction-excited parallel 2nd formant
- b5f Bandwidth of friction-excited parallel 2nd formant
- b6f Bandwidth of friction-excited parallel 2nd formant
- Parallel Voice-Excited:
- anv Amplitude of voice-excited parallel nasal formant
- a1v Amplitude of voice-excited parallel 1st formant
- a2v Amplitude of voice-excited parallel 2nd formant
- a3v Amplitude of voice-excited parallel 3rd formant
- a4v Amplitude of voice-excited parallel 4th formant
- atv Amplitude of voice-excited parallel tracheal formant